Personality Theories Web Student Guide

By Bem P. Allen

Each Chapter of the Student Guide for my Personalities Theories: Development, Growth, and Diversity text contains three main sections. First is "What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter". This section highlights the most central ideas of the theory to which most other aspects of it relate. If you learn these central notions very well, the rest of the material will fall into place relatively easily. The second section contains ten "Multiple Choice Questions" like the ones in the test bank from which your professor will compile tests. The answers to the questions are at the very end of the chapter section (the number of the question is followed by the letter of the correct alternative; for example, 1b; 2a; 3d). If you need more information about a question, look up a key concept from the main body of the question in the Subject Index of your book (you can, of course, look up key concepts in the alternatives of the question as well). The third section is "Web Sites: For Fun and More Information" where you can find additional information about the theory covered in a given chapter. Should any of the sites no longer be open, try the key words in the no longer available addresses at http://www.infoseek.com or http://www.yahoo.com .

I expect that this Guide will help you in your studies. If you have questions about it, suggestions regarding it, or want to provide feedback about it, email me at mfbpa@wiu.edu.

Good luck in the course!

Bem P. Allen

Chapter 1

Introduction

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

You should know the preliminary definition of personality, the differences between three major methods of studying personality, the meaning of reliability and validity of personality tests, and the difference between projective and objective personality tests.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is an important concept relating to the preliminary definition of personality? a. consciousness b. individual differences c. character d. inter-item reliability

2. Which best fits the preliminary definition of personality? a. personality is something that exists outside a person b. personality has three main components c. personality is basically the same as "consciousness" and is the opposite of unconsciousness d. personality is a set of degrees falling along several behavioral dimensions

3. Which is a basic assumption that lies behind the preliminary definition of personality? a. people tend to behave consistently from one situation to the next b. no aspect of any person's personality matches an aspect of any other person's personality c. the personalities of different people do not differ very much d. a person's personality tends to change significantly over even a rather short period of time

4. Which of the following is closest to the meaning of "reliability"? a. repeatability b. meaningfulness c. verifiability d. significance

5. Which of the following is what is predicted in "predictive validity"? a. thoughts b. character c. spirituality d. behavior

6. Which is a problem with a"case history"? a. it is no good for illustrating a point b. it is no good for providing an example of a kind of person c. it will not be representative of most people d. it will not be useful as a teaching tool

7.Which is the major problem with the correlational method? a. it can never be scientific b. it can never say anything trustworthy about cause and effect c. it cannot involve the assignment of numbers observations d. it is less scientific than the case history method

8. All except one of the following is relevant to the experimental method. Which is NOT relevant to the experimental method? a. correlation coefficient b. independent variables c. dependent variables d. statistical significance

9. Which of the following is an example of a projective test? a. any multiple choice test b. any test c. The Mulberry Instinctive Test d. the Rorschach Test

10. Which of the following is an example of an objective test? a. any multiple choice test b. any test c. The Mulberry Instinctive Test d. the Rorschach Test

11.In comparing Asians and whites, what did Hibbard et al. (2000) find? a. no differences on any scales b. whites scored higher on repression c. Asians scored lower on Denial d. Asians and whites were on the opposite ends of the Faking scale

12. Lilienfeld et al. (2000) found a. that the TAT was more valid that most objective tests b. many shortcomings of the Rorschach c. that Exner's scoring system make the Rorschach into a highly valid instrument d. while validity was low for projective tests, reliability was high

13. What personality change did George Foreman undergo? a. he became more angry as his career lengthened b. he underwent religious conversion and became joyful c. he didn't undergo a change: he continued to be the joyful person he always had been d. unlike his earlier self, he became depressed as his successes in the ring declined

14. What is the current state of the debate as to whether only experiments can establish cause and effect? a. it is now believed by almost all psychological scientists b. now almost all psychologists believe that correlational research can establish causation as well as experimentation c. though correlation has its defenders, experimentation is still the most endorsed avenue to making causal statements d. there is currently confusion as to whether correlation or experimentation is best able to establish cause and effect.

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

Your best bet to get into personality in general is to go to my Web site http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfbpa/bemjr.html. There, at the bottom of the page you will find a picture of Gordon Allport (the only face down there). Click it and you will have two choices: Professor Revelle's Personality Page which will get you into all you ever wanted to know about personality; the "Personality and Consciousness" link will get you to information about many of the personality theorists covered in the text. Other links on the same line as Allport's picture (APA, APS, and Psych Web) will also provide you with much interesting and enjoyable information about personality. Finally, there is a surprising amount of useful information about personality (psychology more generally) at http://newsweek.com Enter a name into their search dialog box with "Enter a subject" appearing in it.

Multiple Choice Answers

1b; 2d; 3a; 4a; 5d; 6c; 7b; 8a; 9d; 10a;  11c; 12b; 13b; 14c

Chapter 2

Freud

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

There are three basic components of Freud's theory: the levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious and unconscious; the personality components, id, ego, and superego; and the Psychosexual stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital. You should also be familiar with the recent criticisms of Freud. Knew these inside and out and you cannot help but do well.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which level of awareness represents the largest part of the personality (the iceberg)? a. ego b. conscious c. unconscious d. pre-conscious

2. Which is what the ego does? a. bolsters us b. meets id demands c. inhibits socially unacceptable impulses d. forms images of desired objects

3. Which is what the id does? a. bolsters us b. meets id demands c. inhibits socially unacceptable impulses d. forms images of desired objects

4. Which is what the superego does? a. bolsters us b. meets id demands c. inhibits socially unacceptable impulses d. forms images of desired objects

5. Which relates to the Oral stage? a. receptive b. retentive c. masturbation d. maturity

6. Which relates to the Anal stage? a. receptive b. retentive c. masturbation d. maturity

7. Which relates to the Phallic stage? a. receptive b. retentive c. masturbation d. maturity

8. Which of the following case histories has nothing to do with the Phallic stage? a. Dora b. Little Hans c. Wolf Man d. Milk Man

9. Which represents Freud's attitude toward woman? a. indifference b. positivity c. jealousy d. negativity

10. Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Freud? a. theorists and researchers do not find his concepts useful b. he may have stolen some ideas from others c. he tended to change his theory, even over a short period d. he made up many aspects of most of his case histories

11. Which is NOT true of Freud? a. he was hard on colleagues who strayed from his opinions b. his daughter Anna was an accomplished child psychiatrist c. he developed cancer suddenly a year before he died d. he was a lift-time cocaine addict

12.Which movie provides a good example of Oedipal conflict? a. Gone with the Wind b. Citizen Kane c. Titanic d. Legends of the Fall

13. All except one of the following are characteristics of narcissistic people except one. Which is NOT one of their characteristics? a. aggessive b. high positive illusions of intelligence c. high on exploitness/entitlement d. a no nonsense love style

14. Lindsay et al. (2004) showed what regarding false memories? a. they don't exist b. they are exclusively caused by events that are almost exact duplicates of previous events c. even events that are different from previous events may induce people to report false memories d. children are immune to false memories

15. What is currently Freud's rank among great psychologist? a. 3rd b. first c. 25th d. just behind Skinner

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

There is more on the Web about Freud than any other theorist (except possibly Jung)...more than you will probably want to address. The best starting place is the "Personality and Consciousness" link (see this section for the first chapter). You may also want to visit http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html

Multiple Choice Answers

1c; 2b; 3d; 4c; 5a; 6b; 7c; 8d; 9d; 10a; 11d; 12d; 13.d; 14c; 15a

Chapter 3

Jung

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

Definitely the heart and soul of Jung's theory is the collective unconscious. Thoroughly understand that main concept, and you will be well on the way to appreciating Jung. Also, know his philosophy which includes a bit of mysticism and a dash of the paranormal. Know that he casts the world in opposites and grasp the psychological attitudes and functions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What kind of childhood did Jung lead? a. exciting b. lonely c. scary (he was abused) d. conflicted (his parents fought constantly)

2. Which relates best to the notion of the collective unconscious? a. the self b. individuation c. ancestral experiences d. ESP

3. Which of the following molds and shapes the contents of the collective unconscious? a. ego b. superego c. archetypes d. instincts

4. Which of the following is an archetype? a. persona b. regnancy c. narcissism d. anima

5. The dominant flow of libidinal energy flow is inward for a. animas b. selfless people c. extraverts d. introverts

6. The dominant flow of the libidinal energy flow is outward for a. animas b. selfless people c. extraverts d. introverts

7. According to Jung, dreams should be analyzed a. in a series b. one at a time c. not at all: he did not believe in it d. only as a last resort

8. Which of the following is NOT one of Jung's psychological functions? a. thinking b. feeling c. sensing d. judging

9. Which famous case defined the collective unconscious for Jung? a. Anna O b. The Wolf Man c. Dora d. The Sun Phallus Man

10. Individuation is becoming a. your own person b. a separate, whole person c. totally mature d. completely humble

11. Which is correct about Freud's fainting spell in Jung's presence? a. according to Freud, it was due to too much cocaine b. it was due to Freud's cancer c. it was due to Freud's train phobia d. according to Jung it was due to their just completed conversation about corpses

12. According to Don's (1999) view of the Jung-Rhine discussion on parapsychology and synchronicity a. there was no link between the two notions b. both involved causation c. both involved correlation d. both were legitimate scientific ideas

13. According to Nesbett (2003) Jung's ideas correspond to a. Freud's b. Adler's c. South American Indian modes of thoughts d. East Indian modes of thought

14. There is some coincidence in the thinking of Jung and a. J. B. Rhine the parapsychologist b. Dr. Phil the TV psychologist c. Ram Das the former Harvard U. professor and Eastern mystic d. Descarte the philosopher who posed "categories of the mind"

15. Religion comes from what, according to Jung? a. the soul b. the Collective Unconscious c. the Personal Unconscious d. the ID

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

You can access Jung sites through my Web site and the "Personality and Consciousness" link (see Chapter 1 of this Guide). A good site is at http://www.cgjungpage.org/ At http://www.2h.com/personality-tests.html  under "Keirsey Temperament Sorter" you can take a test related to Jung's ideas. At http://www.typelogic.com (the Joe Butt site mentioned in the text) you can get an interpretation of your MBTI type if you have been able to take the MBTI test.

Multiple Choice Answers 1b; 2c; 3c; 4d; 5d; 6c; 7a; 8d; 9d; 10b; 11d; 12c; 13d; 14a; 15b

Chapter 4

Adler

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

Adler's most important concept is "social interest" which is the pursuit of Social Feeling (the two concepts are essentially the same). Other central concepts are Style of Life, Prototype, and Shock. You should also know about his notions of Inferiority, Compensation, and Striving for Superiority. Birth order may be of personal interest to you.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Gemeinschaftsgefuhl means the same thing as a. Style of Life b. Birth Order c. Attitude d. Social Interest

2. Which of the following is NOT among the three main pursuits in life? a. status b. love c. work d. society

3. What did Frankenstein and his monster fail to develop? a. compensation for superiority b. sexual adequacy c. social feeling d. creativity

4. To overcompensate is to a. fail to compensate for inferiority b. overcoming weakness by striving for superiority in some way c. exhaust oneself by worrying about a given inferiority d. to bend over backwards to become the very thing at which one was inferior

5. According to Adler, Early Recollections are relevant to a. one's present Style of Life b. one's early traumas c. one's failure to set early goals d. one's early positive experiences

6. Late in his career, which was emphasized by Adler? a. overcoming inferiority b. striving for superiority c. recalling early experiences d. birth order

7. Which of the following characterizes Adler's therapy? a. brevity b. depth c. use of only his techniques d. emphasis on sexual trauma

8. Besides Adler's theory, which point of view may best explain sibling rivalry? a. Freud's b. Evolutionary Theory c. Jung's theory d. Horney's theory

9. In his research, Zajonc has emphasized a. birth order in and of itself b. early recollections c. spacing among siblings d. overcoming inferiority

10. Shock is a. the same thing as neurosis b. discovering one's parents having sex c. finding out that one was accidently conceived (not a planned child) d. one's fiction running head-on into reality

11. Mansanger and Gold (2000) proposed adding which of the following to the three essential tasks of life? a. love b. spirituality c. work d. society

12. Which of the following is a reason that Adlerian psychology is in trouble in the future (Freeman (1999)? a. the Adlerian Society has grown too large and diverse b. too many other forms of therapy have diluted Adlerian therapy c. too many Adlerians are doing empirical research lately d. Adlerian Society members are growing old

13. What did Baumester et al. (2003) claim bears no significant relationship to academic performance or interpersonal success? a. birth order b. self-esteem c. social feeling d. shock

14. Vacuous self-esteem is related to a. explosive aggression b. failure in school c. depression d. indecision

15. A review of a sample of birth order studies published from 2002-2003 revealed a. birth order continues to be a powerful variable b. birth order effects are stronger for males compared to females c. birth order effects are stronger for females compared to males d. results confirming birth order are weak or non-existent

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

Adler has a strong presence on the Web. The best way to access sites related to him is to go to the "Personality and Consciousness" site (see this section for Chapter 1 of this guide). Also, try http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html  If you are interested in Birth Order, plugging those two words into Yahoo or Infoseek will produce considerable information (see the introduction to this guide).

Multiple Choice Answers

1d; 2a; 3c; 4d; 5a; 6b; 7a; 8b; 9c; 10d; 11b; 12d; 13b; 14a; 15d

Chapter 5

Horney

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

The core of Horney's theory is her 10 neurotic needs and the three orientations toward others that relate them them. Also important are basic anxiety, idealized image of self, actual self, and real self, as well as tyranny of the shoulds, self-analysis, and implications of her views for a feminine psychology and for jealousy.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Basic anxiety is a. the foundation of anxiety that is set in adolescence b. a feeling of apprehension the source of which is obscure c. feeling alone and helpless in a hostile world d. a product of neurosis

2. Which of the following is NOT among the neurotic needs constituting "moving toward others"? a. having a "partner" b. narrowly restricting one's life c. affection and approval  d. power

3. Which of the following is NOT among the neurotic needs constituting "moving against others"? a. power b. narrowly restricting one life c. exploiting others d. social recognition

4. Which of following is NOT among the neurotic needs constituting "moving away from others"? a. personal achievement b. personal admiration c. self-sufficiency and independence d. perfection and unassailability

5. The real self a. is what one is b. what one longs to be c. what one ought to be d. what one could be

6. What did Horney believe about self-analysis? a. it is too fraught with problems to try b. it is beneficial in conjunction with usual therapy c. it is something everyone should try: one doesn't need a therapist d. it is something for only the very intelligent

7. Which attachment style is among those that directly corresponds to one of Horney's movement orientations? a. secure b. withdrawn c. anxious d. thoughtless

8. "Tyranny of the Shoulds" refers to a. stubbornly doing one's own thing b. rebellion: doing the opposite of what others want c. being indifferent to what others want d. doing whatever a "good person" should do

9. The "real self" has the flavor of a. becoming self-actualized b. learning to do what is best only for oneself c. bringing together the idealized and actual selves d. orienting more toward reality

10. Which of the following is most clearly one of the objections Horney lodged against Freud's view of women? a. she believed that no women ever had "penis envy" b. Freud's conceptions did not fit women from some societies c. she did not believe that women are as oral as Freud thought d. she felt that considering sexual matters made people, especially women, too uncomfortable

11. Who surrounded Horney in her medical school picture? a. the only two other women in her class b. male students carrying swords c. male students dressed in various costumes d. the books she used in her classes

12. Cook (2000) found that attachments are a. relationship specific b. extremely short lived c. difficult to maintain into old age d. rarely seen in children until the age of 9 years

13. Along with Fromm and Sullivan, Horney was a member of a club that endorsed a. socialism b. the importance of interpersonal factors in human development c. the priority of the mind over the body d. the existence of the eternal soul

14. According to Davila and Cobb (2002) attachments styles a. are static over time b. vary wildly over time c. show meaningful change over a one-year period d. show some change in adolescence but not during adulthood

15. According to your text author, evidence regarding evolutionary theory applied to psychology a. has swung in favor of its critics b. is presently too unclear to favor the theory or its critics c. has swung in favor of the theory d. now overwhelmly supports the theory

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

Unfortunately, Horney is poorly represented on the Web. I find very few references to her work. However, http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html is a good place to go. Plugging her name into the Yahoo and Infoseek searches engines may turn up some information (see the introduction of this guide).

Multiple Choice Answers

1c; 2d; 3b; 4a; 5d; 6b; 7c; 8d; 9a; 10b; 11b; 12a; 13b; 14c; 15a

Chapter 6

Sullivan

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

The first fact to know about Sullivan is that he viewed human interactions and relations at the most basic level: two people at a time. Second, he emphasized the impact of the significant others in our lives. Most of his concepts related to that impact. Third, his three modes of experience--prototaxic, parataxic, and synthaxic--are probably his best known ideas. Others of his ideas that you should know include self-system, personifications, the relation of learning to anxiety, the importance of peers in child development, his sexual typology, and his grounding breaking psychiatric interview.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. "Need for tenderness" relates best to which of the following? a. desire for intimate physical contact b. relief of various tensions c. need to relate to others on a personal level d. the need to be cuddled

2. Which of the following is the most advanced of the modes of experience? a. syntaxic b. parataxic c. metataxic d. prototaxic

3. Which of the following is the most primitive of the modes of experience? a. syntaxic b. parataxic c. metataxic d. prototaxic

4. Learning by taking the "anxiety gradient" into account involves a. seeking out anxious situations to defeat them b. differentiating between decreasing and diminishing anxiety c. making good use of anxiety d. developing mechanisms to deny anxiety

5. The mothering one is a. always the biological mother b. someone who responds to the infant's emotional needs c. any relatively adult personality who keeps the infant alive d. the person identified by society as the most important in an infant's live

6. Which is most true of the relationship between the "good mother" and the infant? a. they are biologically related b. they are emotionally in sync with each: they can read each other's non-verbal communications c. they have few conflicts but find that their relationship is shaped by those conflicts d. they emphasize each other's physical survival

7. According to Sullivan's theory and Harlow's work, which can human and other primates have the most difficulty surviving without? a. the extended family b. early exposure to a complex environment c. being physically touched by others d. assurance of self worth

8. Which of the following is critical to the prosperity of the pre-adolescent period? a. a chum b. a gang to belong to c. an infant-like relationship with a mothering one d. sexual activity

9. The self-system relates most strongly to which of the following? a. sexuality b. gratification of the need for food c. interpersonal conflict d. significant others

10. "Security operations" are most likely to be active a. when one's self-esteem is challenged b. when one senses that forbidding gestures may be directed to oneself c. when one's romantic relationship is in jeopardy due to the presence of a rival d. when one meets a stranger

11. Which of the following represents a new theory of homosexuality? a. sexual inversion b. y chromosome determined c. exotic is erotic d. cross pollination

12. Which of the following indicates the status of Sullivan's theory today? a. several researchers are producing supportive evidence b. the theory is being altered to fit modern times c. a computer search for the period 1999-2001 revealed no substantive research on his theory d. Sullivanian and Adlerian therapies are uniting, which secures the futures of both

13. Which of the following is NOT a factor in Sullivan's poor health? a. low Social Economic Status; b. a family history of health problems c. his high optimism d. his personal history of health problems

14. Which of the following is a characteristic of "good mothers"? a. advanced degrees (Masters or Ph.D.s) b. being strict disciplinarians c. need to be near the child at all times d. mutually responsive orientation

15.  According to  recent research, all except one of the following are possible factors in homosexual orientation. Which is NOT a factor in homosexual orientation? a. a gene on the maternal X chromosome b. ring finger longer than index finger configuration c. response to an auditory click d. exposure to male hormones in the womb

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

Sullivan, like Horney, is not well represented on the Web. However, there is a currently active institute which is partly based on his orientation that you can access at http://psychematters.com/bibliographies/sullivan.htm   Also try http://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/sullivan.html and http://www.psych.org/pnews/98-05-15/hx.html

Multiple Choice Answers

1b; 2a; 3d; 4b; 5c; 6b; 7c; 8a; 9d; 10b; 11c; 12c; 13.c; 14d; 15a

Chapter 7

Erikson

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

Unlike most theorists, Erikson's theory is rather totally wrapped up in one central system, the eight stages of development. In fact, you would probably do pretty well on the tests, just by thoroughly learning Table 7.1 (the stages and their crises, resolutions and strengths), but I do not recommend so narrow an approach. In addition, there are some principles behind the stages which are also important: epigenesis, opposing tendencies and the "favorable ratio," and the inherent weaknesses of stage theories.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Epigenesis relates most closely to a. the earlier stages b. building one thing on another c. the independence of stages d. the skipping of stages

2. The strength of the first (infancy) stage is a. love b. autonomy c. purpose d. hope

3. The crisis poles of the second (early childhood) stage are a. intimacy versus isolation b. integrity versus despair c. autonomy versus shame and doubt d. initiative versus guilt

4. The strength of the third (play age) stage is a. hope b. love c. wisdom d. purpose

5. Which is crucial to smooth passage through the fourth (school age) stage? a. will power b. being able to take care of people younger than oneself c. beginning to learn about sex roles d. developing close relationships with others

6. At which stage does identity in and of itself become the crisis? a. play age b. old age c. adulthood d. adolescence

7. Which of the following is probably the most research-supported of Erikson's concepts? a. wisdom b. generativity c. purpose d. initiative versus guilt

8. What is the positive goal of adulthood? a. gaining purpose in life b. learning to deal with loss c. guiding the next generation d. dealing with death

9. Which is the most serious problem in rearing children today? a. getting affection from children b. multiple sources of influence on children c. the overwhelming importance of parental influence on children d. learning how to avoid changing one's standards

10. What do we know about the mid-life crises of men and women? a. they are much the same b. only men tend to have crises c. women's crises are more dramatic with more acting out d. they are at least somewhat different

11. Which of the following is the strength of the new stage added to Erikson's theory? a. contentment b. self-identity c. trust d. love

12. Which of the following is one of the poles of the crisis for the Middle Adulthood stage? a. identity confustion b. integrity c. generitivity d. futility

13. According to Mashek et al. (2003) young adults tend to confuse traits ascribed to themselves as having been applied to a. famous people like Bill Clinton b. close others such as lovers c. people they regard with contempt d. people to whom they fell alienated

14. Which of the following stages was NOT developed by Erikson? a. Infancy b. Young Adulthood c. Middle Adulthood d. Old Age

15. According to recent work, which has the most impact on midlife? a. death of a loved one b. divorce c. extended illness d. fight with a spouse

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

Unlike not very long ago, Erikson is coming on strong on the Web.  Go to http://muskingum.edu/~psychology/psycweb/history/erikson.htm and http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/erikson.html

Mulitple Choice Answers

1b; 2d; 3c; 4d; 5c; 6d; 7b; 8c; 9b; 10d; 11a; 12d; 13.b; 14c; 15d

Chapter 8

Fromm

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

There are really two aspects of Fromm's point of view that are central: the existential needs and "social character". A problem with the needs is that some seem redundant with others. Thus, in studying them, develop a method to differentiate among needs that are similar. The social characters are numerous. Try to relate each to some concepts that you have already covered. For example, Fromm's exploitive need relates to Horney's "exploiting others" need and the receptive need relates to Freud's orality.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Fromm"frame of orientation" is closely associated with which of the following existential needs? a. relatedness b. unity c. rootedness d. object of devotion

2. Which of the following is "a sense of oneness within one's self and with the natural and human world outside"? a. relatedness b. unity c. rootedness d. transcendence

3. "Excitation and stimulation" relate most closely to which of the following? a. need for physical contact with humans b. activating stimuli c. assimilation d. sensory overload

4. "Effectiveness" refers to a. the potency of stimuli to which one is currently exposed b. social aptitude c. mechanical skills d. being able to do something what will "make a dent" in life

5. "Identity" refers to a. who one hopes to be b. being aware of oneself as a separate entity c. the process of becoming like a parent d. deciding where one stands in a group structure

6. Which is a social character type (type hereafter) who worships death? a. morbid b. suicidal c. necrophilous d. transcendent

7. "Biophilia" refers to a. a productive type b. a materialistic type c. a biologically oriented type d. a vegetarian

8. Which type probably is more frequently represented in Western Society (North America and Europe)? a. hoarding b. exploitive c. receptive d. marketing

9. Who believes in saving and that the "goods" come from inside? a. hoarding b. exploitive c. receptive d. marketing

10. Which of the following represents one of poles representing how one relates to others that differentiates among types? a. effectiveness b. excitation c. socialization d. assimilation

11.Which of the following is correct regarding Hitler? a. he had to be forced to commit suidice b. he vowed to kill his dog Blondi if it showed cowardice c. he swore off women and never had a lover after he took control of the German government d. he was a marketing type

12. Which of the following was NOT an item on the Fromm Social Character Orientation test? a. careful b. practical c. murderous d. sentimental

13. Why whom may we confuse our identities? a. people who look like use b. people who share our genes c. people whose political orientation is a variant of our own d. close others

14. Which is a serious criticism of Fromm's social character types? a. he produced no evidence for them b. generalizing a type to most members of a society doesn't fit what is known about personality c. it is implausible to suppose that members of a society have any traits in common d. hundreds of recent research studies go against his notions of social types

15. Fromm was one of the first psychologists to promote a. optimism b. senses of identity c. eugenics d. developmental stages

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

Information about Fromm can be found at http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html

Multiple Choice Answers

1d; 2b; 3b; 4d; 5b; 6c; 7a; 8d; 9a; 10c; 11b; 12c; 13d; 14b; 15a

Chapter 9

Rogers

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

Rogers theory is a bit different from that of others covered in the text in that it is centered around certain orientations rather than sets of concepts. You will need to understand that he emphasized the inherent value of each human being and believed that each person is the best judge of who he or she is and how he or she should address current problems. You should also know how phenomenology fits these orientations and his therapy and the importance of empathy and the organismic approach. The actualizing tendencies and modes of regarding oneself and others are also important.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is most consistent with the notion of "phenomenology"? a. being true to yourself b. striving to be all that you can be c. grasping reality as each individual uniquely perceives it d. correctly perceiving the client's internal world

2. Accurate empathy is most clearly which of the following? a. being true to yourself b. striving to be all that you can be c. grasping reality as each individual uniquely perceives it d. correctly perceiving the client's internal world

3. In the organismic approach a. a person is broken down into her or his essential parts and the relationships among the parts are examined b. a human is a total being with inseparable physical, psychological and spiritual aspects c. is sensing and participating in the emotions of others d. one accepts others as much as they accept oneself

4. Congruence is a. when one's experiences and self-concept are consistent b. when attempts to change oneself go smoothly c. when all aspects of the self are in tune d. when one is in a state of consistency with significant others

5. Locus of evaluation refers to a. whether one evaluates internal values or external behaviors b. the place where one's evaluations occurs, at consciousness or at unconsciousness c. whether the source of evidence about oneself, lies within oneself or within others d. the location of others evaluations of oneself: inside of them or outside of them

6. Unconditional positive regard refers to a. others communications that one is accepted, valued, worthwhile, and trusted b. one's communication to others that they are accepted, valued, worthwhile and trusted c. experiencing oneself as making a positive difference in the lives of others d. specifying an unlimited number of conditions under which one is accepted

7. Positive regard is a. others communications that one is accepted, valued, worthwhile, and trusted b. one's communication to others that they are accepted, valued, worthwhile and trusted c. experiencing oneself as making a positive difference in the lives of others d. specifying an unlimited number of condition under which one is accepted

8. The general actualizing tendency refers to a. generally making what is potential actual b. actualizing others' potential contributions c. the tendency to develop one's capacities d. the striving in animals for which there is no corresponding human trend

9. Which best fits Rogers conception of people? a. each person suffers inner turmoil b. people can only do what is right c. each person is inherently valuable d. people tend to be selfish

10. Which of the following best characterizes Rogers' form of therapy? a. therapist controlled b. a process by which clients receive advice c. client controlled d. a process by which the sick are made well

11. Who among the following was declared by DeCarvalho (1999) to have had the most influence on Rogers? a. Rank b. Freud c. Jung d. Adler

12. If passing on one's genes is added to Roger's organismic pursuits, his theory becomes consistent with which of the following? a. Freud's theory b. Piaget's theory c. evolutionary theory d. creationism

13. Which of the following is a statement by Gloria during therapy with Rogers? a. I can't stand criticism b. Life is risky c. This is a very private thing that I can't possibly answer for you d. I hate facing the kids

14. Rogers over all rank among modern psychologists was a. first b. 40th c. he was not in the top 100 d. 6th

15. All of the following are among the metaphors arising from Rogers' therapy session with Gloria, except one. Which is NOT one of those metaphors? a. Seeing is believing b. Self as a container c. Knowing is feeling d. Knowing oneself is seeing oneself through others' eyes

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

There is plenty of information about Rogers on the web. The best place to start is the "Personality and Consciousness" link that can be accessed through my Web page (see Chapter 1 of this Guide). Also see http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html

Multiple Choice Answers

1c; 2d; 3b; 4a; 5c; 6a; 7c; 8c; 9c; 10c; 11a; 12c; 13d; 14d; 15a

Chapter 10

Maslow

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

Maslow hierarchy is pretty much the whole core of his theory. Know it thoroughly, and you will have mastered his point of view. To be thorough, you need to review concepts related to the hierarchy, such as meta-needs and B-Values and peak experiences.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which needs are at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy? a. growth needs b. functional needs c. psychic needs d. physiological needs

2. Which needs are at the top of Maslow's hierarchy? a. growth needs b. functional needs c. psychic needs d. physiological needs

3. College students tend to be at which level of Maslow's hierarchy? a. esteem b. self-actualization c. belongingness and love d. safety and security

4. Which of the following is a D-Need? a. self-actualization b. aesthetic c. cognitive d. belongingness and love

5. According to Maslow, who is likely to have peak experiences? a. college students b. self-actualized people c. blind athletics d. people who are deeply religious

6. An "instinctoid" is a. instinct-like b. the same thing as an instinct c. the same thing as a drive d. applicable only to animals, not humans

7. Where did Maslow apparently get the idea for his hierarchy? a. from off the top of his head b. from Rogers c. from the Gestalt psychologists d. from his monkey research

8. Which need comes between physiological needs and belongingness and love needs? a. self-actualization b. aesthetic c. cognitive d. safety and security

9. Which of the following is true of self-actualizers? They a. are somewhat self-centered b. are impulsive c. are hedonistic d. are somewhat materialistic

10. Which is a criticism of the hierarchy? a. it has not been the focus of any research b. there has never been a good defense of order of the needs c. it was once a hot topic, but it has been of little interest to anyone in the last 20 years d. none of the needs are actually experienced by people

11. Which of the following is a proposed changed in Maslow's hierarchy? a. add "career achievement" in the middle of the hierarchy b. add a "bowl" at the top of the hierarchy to represent the broad natuer of the highest needs c. replace self-actualization with self-realization d. add "need for comfort" after physiological needs

12. "Passing" is a. attempting to bypass physiological needs b. trying to avoid the esteem level c. presenting oneself as White because one looks White d. attempting to bypass the Eightfold Path

13. Which of the following is a recent use of Maslow's hierarchy? a. to sell chewing gum b. to help children who have lived though natural disasters c. to warn people about the dangers of smoking d. to teach people the differences between several animal species

14. Which did Maslow develop late in his life? a. an entirely new hierarchy b. a new transcendent level of the hierarchy c. applications of the hierarchy to biological research d. a new version of peak experiences

15. Which of the following is the correct ranking of Maslow among great psychologists? a. 10th; b. 67th; c. he was not in the top 100; d. 43rd

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

Information on Maslow can be found at http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html. Maslow can also be found by activating the "Personality and Consciousness" link (see the first chapter of this guide).

Multiple Choice Answers

1d; 2a; 3a; 4d; 5b; 6a; 7d; 8d; 9a; 10b; 11b; 12c; 13b; 14d; 15a

Chapter 11

Kelly

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

Kelly's most central concept is "construct". Most others relate to it. You should also know the different ways a construction system can be developed (dependency constructs), organized, and changed. His notions of predictability, the C-P-C cycle and cognitive complexity are also important. Finally, know how his REP test and Fixed Role Therapy.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Constructs are a. the same as concepts b. a special kind of drive c. ways of seeing the world d. unconscious motivations

2. Which of the following a pole of a construct? a. explicit b. intermittent c. emergent d. respondent

3. Which of the following is a kind of construct? a. ordinate b. despondent c. subordinate d. disparate

4. A construct that tends not to change is called a. impartial b. imperative c. implicit d. impermeable

5. What is "threat" according to Kelly's theory? a. one's construction system does not apply to critical events b. a new construct may enter the system and become dominant c. one's entire construction system may be overhauled d. another person's construction system rivals one's own

6. Which of the following is a way that constructions systems are organized? a. across the divide b. extension of the cleavage line c. through the cognitive system d. above the "soft underbelly" of the system

7. The context of a construct is a. one of the elements to which a construct applies that illustrate it b. objects, being or events c. the physical environment in which a construct exists d. all of those elements to which a construct applies

8. A "tight construct" a. is wound up too much b. yields unvarying predictability c. yields varying predictability d. is very dense

9. The last phase of the C-P-C cycle is a. choice b. elaborative c. terminal d. circumspection

10. In the REP Test a. one first names people who fit certain categories ("pal") b. one tries on various roles that are different from usual roles c. one decides how two person are different from each other and each is the same as another person d. one attempts to change one's self via the scientific method

11. Who is the symbol for Joan's like me-not like me construct? a. Cher b. Oprah c. Serena Williams d. Hillary Clinton

12. What level of complexity did US Supreme Court Justices show when they defended legal precedents (status quo; Greenfeld and Preston, 2000)? a. moderate b. high relative to overturning precedents c. they showed the lowest level of any conditions under investigation d. low relative to refusing to hear a precedent
setting case

13. According to Kelly (2003) to what does "commonality" refer? a. sharing personal interests b. a social setting understood in the same way by all who perform in it c. sharing of constructs by two or more people whose experiences are similar d. constructs that have common meaning in terms of their definitions

14. According to Kelly (2003) what does "choice" mean? a. selecting a new construct b. deciding to eliminate a construct from one's construction system c. deciding on a person to symbolize a construct d. a decision between the alternatives provided by a construct

15. Which is Kelly's rank among the great psychologists? a. 4th; b. 47th; c. he was not in the top 100; d. 23rd

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

The "Personality and Consciousness" link will send you to interesting and understandable information about Kelly (see Chapter 1 of this Guide). See especially http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html

Multiple Choice Answers

1c; 2c; 3c; 4d; 5c; 6b; 7d; 8b; 9a; 10a; 11c; 12b; 13c; 14d; 15c

Chapter 12

Mischel and Rotter

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

Mischel's point of view is nicely summed up in his study with Shoda and Wright (1994) in which summer camp children's aggressive behavior was examined. In fact, Figure 12.1 is the theory in a nutshell. Understand it and you have gone a long way toward understanding Mischel. Some of his most central concepts include characterizing events, expectancy, self-regulatory plans, delay of gratification, and if_then relations. Rotter's point of view is wrapped up in the notion of internal/external locus of control. Taking the I-E test in the text will go a long way to helping you understand Rotter's position.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A trait label is kind of like a a. epitaph b. stereotype c. epithet d. vaccination

2. When one characterizes events, one a. dismisses them b. glorifies them c. places them in meaningful categories d. arranges them at random in order to differentiate them

3. Self-regulatory plans are a. schemas b. theories c. postulations d. rules

4. Strong ability to delay gratification has which of the following effects? a. promotes depression b. promotes regression c. is positively correlated with delinquency at adolescence d. is positively correlated with academic competence at adolescence

5. Studying "if_then" relations shows that a. people behave remarkably consistently situation to situation b. people never show any behavioral consistency c. in a given situation a person will show a particular behavior d. people change over time in their behavior consistency

6. What kind of consistency did the summer camp children show? a. their behavioral profiles at two different times were consistent b. no kind: they showed no behavioral consistency of any kind c. they tended to show the same behaviors in different situations d. they tended to show opposite behaviors in different situations

7. People who display the Gambler's Fallacy a. think that they will always win b. think that a loss means a subsequent win is more likely c. think that they will always lose d. think that they can never know whether they will win or lose

8. An External is a person who a. has no clear beliefs b. believes that fate, luck, and chance determine his/her outcomes c. believes that their skills and efforts determine his/her outcomes d. regularly changes beliefs about what determines his/her outcomes

9. An Internal is a person who a. has no clear beliefs b. believes that fate, luck, and chance determine his/her outcomes c. believes that their skills and efforts determine his/her outcomes d. regularly changes beliefs about what determines his/her outcomes

10. All things considered, is it better to be an External or an Internal? a. it is better to be an Internal no matter what issue is being considered b. it is better to be an External no matter what issue is being considered c. it cannot be determined whether it is better to be an Internal or an External d. though Rotter once thought one was not better than the other, it is now clear that life is better for Internals

11. CAPS means a. Continuing Appreication of Personal Situations b. Consistency Among Personality Systems c. Calculation of Attempts to Promote Self d. Cognitive Affective Personality System

12. Ability to delay gratification buffers _____ _____ people against interpersonal difficulties and personal problems (fill in the blank with an alternative). a. repression prone b. rejection sensitive c. high external d. high internal

13. In the study by Ayduk et al. (2002) what made hostile words come to mind more readily? a. possession of the "hostile" personality trait b. being given the "cool" instruction c. being given the "hot" instruction d. being subjected to harsh physical punishment during childhood.

14. In comparison to the Big Five Theory, Social-Cognitive Theory is more a. idiographic b. homogeneous c. emphatic d. nomothetic

15. According to Hexel (2003) people with alexithymia have all of the following characteristics except one. Which is NOT one of their characteristics? a. difficulty identifying feelings and differentiating them from bodily sensations of emotions b. difficulty describing feelings c. externally oriented thinking d. difficulty showing negative emotions

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

Mischel has his own Web site at http://www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/indiv_pages/Mischel.html and it is very interesting. Also, click the Mischel site at http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfbpa/personality.html  Rotter is pretty much absent on the Web, but you can find about health and Locus of Control at http://www.med.usf.edu./~kmbrown/Health_Locus_of_Control_Scale.htm

Multiple Choice Answers

1b; 2c; 3d; 4d; 5c; 6a; 7b; 8b; 9c; 10d; 11d; 12b; 13c; 14a; 15d

Chapter 13

Bandura

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

First, it is important to recognize that Bandura thinks that personal factors, behaviors, and the external environment are mutually causal (each can determine the other). Second, his theory and research has, in a sense, two parts: Social Cognitive Theory about everyday, practical concerns and Social Cognitive Theory about moral thinking and behavior. Observational learning was the first aspect of his theory to attract attention (all about learning from models). His most important self-regulatory process is self-efficacy, a concept you should know very well. The second part of his theoretical emphasis is self-exonerative practices. Knowing these practices will help on the test, but, more importantly, it will help you live a better life.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is a surprising aspect of Bandura's philosophy? a. the environment can influence behavior b. the environment can influence neurobiological functioning c. neurobiological functioning can influence behavior d. beliefs can influence behavior

2. Which of the following is unique about Bandura's view of learning? a. people can anticipate the consequences of their future actions b. rewards influence behavior c. extrinsic rewards influence behavior d. people are unable to learn from being offered a bribe for performing some behavior (an incentive)

3. In "symbolic modeling" a. non-human symbols are mimicked b. a symbol, such cross, is used to influence behavior c. verbal and pictorial means are used to impart information needed to adopt some behavior d. modeling symbolizes the processes of instrumental and classical conditioning

4. Self-efficacy is a. the same thing as confidence b. a belief about one's ability to perform behaviors yielding desirable outcomes c. the same thing as self-esteem d. a behavioral orientation toward getting the most out of all of one's abilities and talents

5. All except one of the following are among the remarkable research outcomes concerning the effects of high self-efficacy that have been reported by Bandura. Which one is NOT one of those outcomes? a. spider phobics learned to handle spiders in a couple of hours b. Astronauts learned to balance themselves in weightlessness only after they experienced increased balance-self-efficacy c. a rapid rise in self-efficacy was associated with improved immune system functioning d. people who believed that a skill they were asked to master was acquirable, rather than inherited, experienced raised self-efficacy

6. "Self-exonerative practices" refer to a. a person's rational explanation of someone else's anti-social behavior b. processes designed to prevent one from performing personally unacceptable social behaviors c. popular beliefs about why people do evil d. cognitive activities allowing people to dissociate themselves from the consequences of their actions

7. All except one of the following is a self-exonerative practice. Which is NOT one of those practices? a. dehumanization b. gradualistic moral disengagement c. rationalizing self-involvement d. euphemistic labeling

8. All except one of the following is a self-exonerative practice. Which is NOT one of those practices? a. social comparison b. advantageous comparison c. blaming victims d. diffusion of responsibility

9. According to Bandura, goals are a. unrealistic means for promoting achievement b. similar to recollections of past reinforcements c. anticipated achievements in line with personal standards d. attempts to control the future by erecting hurdles that are often too high to jump

10. All except one of the following predictions can be derived from Bandura's theory. Which can NOT reasonably be derived from his theory? a. a child's academic achievement relates positively to his or her academic self-efficacy b. parents' academic efficacy relates positively to their children's academic achievement c. low social self-efficacy predicts depression d. the number and potency of rewards received following an act increases the probability of the act in the future

11. In an investigation of homeless people, high self efficacy a. related positively to searching for jobs b. correlated positively with  a need to keep living quarters clean and neat c. relatied negatively to getting into fights in the temporary housing d. correlated negatively to depression once permanent housing was found

12. Bandura cited evidence that it is self-efficacy to remain abstinent from alcohol, not ___________, predicted actual abstinence (fill in the blank with an alternative). a. a family history of addiction b. binge drinking c. frequency of cravings d. having friends who drink

13. According to Bonanno (2004) resilience is only one of the following. It is NOT three of the following. Which DOES characterize resilience? a. rare b. the same as recovery c. limited to post traumatic periods d. employing positive emotions to rebound from stressful events

14. What relationship did Shelley Talyor find when she investigated the effects of AIDS patients optimism about controlling their disease on their medical progress (Weaver, 2003)? a. the greater the optimism the more disillusioned patients became b. optimism was unrelated to medical progress c.  patients with  high levels of optimism were cured d. more  optimistic patients  lived longer

15. According to Van Baaren et al. (2004) which is a benefit of mimicing others? a. prosocial behavior is induced in the people who minic b. people who mimic show an increased "sense of humor" c. mimicing induces prosocial behavior in the people whose behavior is miniced d. we learn how to develop a "sense of humor" when we minic others

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

A Web site containing helpful information about Bandura's ideas is at http:www.wiu.edu/users/mfbpa/personality.html

Multiple Choice Answers

1b; 2a; 3c; 4b; 5b; 6d; 7c; 8a; 9c; 10d; 11a; 12c; 13d; 14d; 15c

Chapter 14

Skinner

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

First, you need to know the sense in which Skinner believes that the environment controls our behavior (do we have freedom in any sense?). Second you need to know the basic principles of operant conditioning. This involves mastery of concepts such as positive reinforcement, secondary reinforcers, and extinction. Third you need to know the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. To Skinner, gaining freedom from environmental control of our behaviors is a. possible but unlikely b. possible but very difficult c. an illusion d. a misconception (his notion of "freedom" is unlike anyone else's)

2. To Skinner, which is the only sense in which we can gain some freedom from environmental control? a. by becoming behavioral scientists b. by using aversive control exclusively c. by manipulating our environments to increase the probability of beneficial consequences d. by using methods of extinction instead of positive or negative reinforcement

3. To Skinner, "dignity" is a. attaining a status that reflects great respect bestowed on us by others b. taking credit for what we have done c. the same thing as "integrity" d. gracefully accepting the fact that we have no control over our behaviors

4. Skinner concentrated on what kind of conditioning? a. operant b. classical c. respondent d. implicit

5. To Skinner, "positive reinforcement" is a. a stimulus that provokes a response that the organism cannot control b. a stimulus that takes on all of the properties of reinforcers such as food because it is associated with those reinforcers c. a process whereby some event increases the likelihood of a response upon which the event's presentation is contingent d. when a previously reinforcement response is no longer followed by the same reinforcement and it decreases in frequency

6. Extinction is a. a stimulus that provokes a response that the organism cannot control b. a stimulus that takes on all of the properties of reinforcers such as food because it is associated with those reinforcers c. a process whereby some event increases the likelihood of a response upon which the event's presentation is contingent d. when a previously reinforcement response is no longer followed by the same reinforcement and it decreases in frequency

7. A secondary reinforcer is a. a stimulus that provokes a response that the organism cannot control b. a stimulus that takes on all of the properties of reinforcers such as food because it is associated with those reinforcers c. a process whereby some event increases the likelihood of a response upon which the event's presentation is contingent d. when a previously reinforcement response is no longer followed by the same reinforcement and it decreases in frequency

8. Punishment is a. a process whereby a behavior can be changed in quality though it retains its basic nature (a response is refined) b. a process whereby a response followed by aversive stimulation decreases in probability c. a process whereby a response followed by the absence or termination of aversive stimulation increases in probability d. a process by which a response that is performed erratically attains a stable but low rates of occurrence

9. Negative reinforcement is a. a process whereby a behavior can be changed in quality though it retains its basic nature (a response is refined) b. a process whereby a response followed by aversive stimulation decreases in probability c. a process whereby a response followed by the absence or termination of aversive stimulation increases in probability d. a process by which a response that is performed erratically attains a stable but low rates of occurrence

10. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? a. a parent spanks her child for hitting her b. a previously ignored child is spanked for cursing its parents and curses them more often thereafter c. a parent spanks his child periodically, regardless of what the child does d. a child stays after school for sports more and more often, thereby avoiding chores at home

11. Skinner's "aircrib" in which baby Deborah was housed was called a ______ in the Ladies Home Journal article (fill in the blank with an alternative). a. coffin b. box c. doll house d. prison

12. In DeGrandpre  (2000) solved a problem with Skinner's theory by proposing R-C-->[S-R]. What does the "C" stand for? a. character b. confluence c. consequence d. continuation

13. What did Rutherford (2003) report about Skinners beliefs concerning the limits of genetic effects? a. only the environment affects behavior, not genetics b. genetics only defines the potential for behavioral development c. genetics affects behavior only early in life d. genetics affect only simple behaviors

14. All except one of the following are findings of Gershoff (2002) regarding the effects of physical punishment during children. Which is NOT one of her findings (all are outcomes that appear during childhood)? Punished children a. pursue their studies more aggressively b. show low internalization of morality c. reflect poor parent-child relationships d. show more anti-social behavior

15. Concerning the originality of our ideas, Carpenter (2002) found a. we are well aware of which of our ideas are truly our own b. almost all of our ideas come from other people c. many of our ideas are non-consciously plagiarized from other people d. almost none of our ideas come from other people

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

The best way to find Skinner on the Web is to go to the "Personality and Consciousness" link (see the instruction in this section of Chapter 1 of this Guide). Also see http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html

Multiple Choice Answers

1c; 2c; 3b; 4a; 5c; 6d; 7b; 8b; 9c; 10d; 11b; 12c; 13b; 14a; 15c

Chapter 15

Murray

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

The centerpiece of Murray's theory are his needs which are of two kinds, viscerogenic and psychogenic, each having adience and abience variations. Other critical aspects of his theory that you need to know include interrelations among needs, need integrates (complexes), environmental press, themas, and the utility of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Psychogenic needs a. are secondary to biological needs and are derived from them b. are unrelated to biological needs and superior to them c. involve basic biological drives d. include need for happiness and need for spiritual inspiration

2. Viscerogenic needs a. are secondary to biological needs and are derived from them b. are unrelated to biological needs and superior to them c. involve basic biological drives d. include need for happiness and need for spiritual inspiration

3. All except one of the following are psychogenic needs. Which is NOT a psychogenic need? a. n Sentience b. n Achievement c. n Aggression d. n Exhibition

4. All except one of the following are viscerogenic needs. Which is NOT a viscerogenic need? a. n Noxavoidance b. n Expiration c. n Harmavoidance d. n Inviolacy

5. All except one of the following is an adience need. Which is NOT an adience need? a. n Noxavoidance b. n Food c. n Aggression d. n Abasement

6. All except one of the following is an abience need. Which is NOT an abience need? a. n Blamavoidance b. n Defecation c. n Autonomy d. n Sex

7. Counterfactions of needs occur a. when needs are related to their opposites in alternating phases b. when two or more needs are satisfied at the same time c. when one or more needs are activated in the service of one or more other needs d. when images of cathexed objects are integrated in the mind with the needs that excite them

8. Need integrates or complexes occur a. when needs are related to their opposites in alternating phases b. when two or more needs are satisfied at the same time c. when one or more needs are activated in the service of one or more other needs d. when images of cathexed objects are integrated in the mind with the needs that excite them

9. The notion of "press" acknowledges a. the influence of the id b. the influence of the environment c. the influence of repressed material; d. the influence of regnant forces

10. A thema is a. a solely environment factor b. the same thing as a complex c. when needs conflict d. is what is assessed with the TAT

11. Ackerman and colleagues (1999) that, of several disordered subject categories, borderline personality people a. showed the most maniacal behavior b. were the most hyperactive c. displayed the most negative emotional tone d. were the most "needy" of the disordered types

12. How many TAT pictures did Christiana Morgan originate? a. none b. 3 c. 2 d. 1

13.  When Freud and Murray met, how did Freud describe Moby Dick? a. a deranged work b. my favorite American novel c. not Melville's best work d. a terribly misunderstood book

14. TAT examples in you text include a. a man with a gun b. three boys chasing a horse c. a group of men digging a hole d. mostly pictures of girls and women

15. What is Murray's standing among the great psychologists of the last century? a. number 5 b. he was not listed c. number 99 d. number 42

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

Unfortunately Murray is pretty much absent from the Web. The best you are likely to do is to search for "Thematic Apperception Test" with engines such as http://www.yahoo.com "Need for achievement" may also be found in the same way.

Multiple Choice Answers

1a; 2c; 3a; 4d; 5a; 6d; 7a; 8d; 9b; 10d; 11c; 12d; 13b; 14d; 15b

Chapter 16

Cattell and Eysenck

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

Cattell compared to Eysenck is a study in similarities and contrasts. Know how they are similar and how they differ. Cattell's career was dominated by five efforts, his classification of traits (second order traits, source traits and sub-categories, and so forth), his 16PF, his notions about intelligence (including eugenics) and his heritability work (and its weaknesses). Eysenck also classified traits, but with a different emphasis compared to Cattell. He is known for his biological orientation, his Big 3, and ideas about intelligence. Know the criticisms of both of their positions and alternatives to their points of view, especially with regard to intelligence.

1. Eugenics is a. a sub-field of genetics devoted to finding the DNA of intelligence b. the application of genetics to the improvement of human biological and psychological traits c. a discipline that seeks to understand the genetics of psychological factors d. a theory which proposes that traits acquired during the lifetime of an organism can be passed along to descendents

2. Factor analysis a. is a kind of therapy developed by Cattell b. is an alternative of correlation which does not involve correlation c. is a method used to expand a few broad factors into a large number of elements d. transforms a large number of measures into a few primary and secondary factors

3. Which of the following is a source trait? a. exvia-invia b. anxiety c. good breeding d. ambitious

4. All except one of the following is a kind of source trait. Which is NOT a kind of source trait? a. subsidiation b. temperament c. dynamic d. ability

5. All except one of the following is a subcategory of dynamic traits. Which is NOT a subcategory of dynamic traits? a. erg b. function c. attitude d. sentiment

6. Which of Cattell's ideas or pursuits has been the most criticized? a. heritability b. dynamic trait c. crystalized and fluid intelligence d. subsidiation of traits

7. All except one of the following are responses to weakness of Cattell's or Eysenck's ideas about intelligence. Which is NOT one of those responses? a. the conception of intelligence as consisting of two kinds b. the observation that some people have kinds of intelligence that are not well represented on the standard intelligence test (IQ) c. the relativity of intelligence d. the effects of early enriched experience

8. To Eysenck, "types" are a. first-order dimensions b. second-order dimensions c. are illustrated by "tending to be nervous in front of an audience" d. the same as Cattell's source traits

9. Which of the following neurological units lies behind extroversion-introversion, according to Eysenck? a. the limbic system b. the ascending reticular activating system c. the amygdala d. the ascending spino-thalamic tract

10. Which of the following describes a low E (introverted person)? a. emotionally stable and even-tempered b. tending to be sensation seeking and liking parties and odd things c. worrisome, anxious, and moody d. quiet, cautious, organized, and unimpulsive

11. How many children did Cattell father? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

12.Why can't genetic change account for the world-wide, rapid, and recent increase in IQ? a. it can, according to Eysenck b. genetic change takes many, many generations c. the genes have no influence on IQ d. the change is known to be caused by nutritional and medical advances

13. The new Emotional Intelligence Test a. is independent of the Big 5 personality traits b. has disappointing validity c. is highly correlated with standard intelligence tests d. actually measures cognitive intelligence

14. What did Terkheimer et al (2003) found investigated IQ and social economic status (soes)? a. the two variables are unrelated b. the higher the soes the stronger the environmental effects c. the two are positively related d. the lower the soes the stronger the environmental effects

15. Daley et al. (2003) what about fluid general intelligence (fgi) over a fourteen year period among people in Kenya, Africa? a. fgi increased as much as 26 points b. fgi declined by a remarkable 52 points c. fgi increased more than in industrialized countries d. fgi was unchanged over the period

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

Much information about Cattell, including a homepage, can be found at http://www.ferris.edu/isar/bios/Cattell/homepage.htm There is some information about Eysenck at http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html Plugging "extroversion" into such search engines as http://www.yahoo.com will likely turn up some more about Eysenck.

Multiple Choice Answers

1b; 2d; 3d; 4a; 5b; 6a; 7a; 8b; 9b; 10d; 11d; 12b; 13a; 14d; 15a

Chapter 17

Allport

What to Emphasize in Studying This Chapter

You should know that Allport's theory, with all of its virtues, is somewhat disjointed. It has at least three parts that are not so well connected. First, his is a idiographic rather than a nomothetic orientation and he emphasizes unique ( p. d.s) rather than common traits. There are three kinds of traits. Second, he has mapped personality from infancy through maturity. In the early years, he concentrates on development of the self. In adulthood, the emphasis is on smooth interpersonal relationships and an adaptive and fully functional self-view. Third is his theorizing about prejudice. Know his ideas about prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping and especially his conception of the prejudiced personality and how it develops.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Idiographic refers to a. inclined to derive general laws concerning how a few traits apply to all people b. inclined to an empirical stance such that one collects data until a theory emerges from it. c. inclined to an atheoretical position in which there is a disdain for theory d. inclined to study each individual's unique traits without attempting to find a place for each along dimensions

2. Which best describes a "personal disposition" (p. d.)? a. a trait that is in common to many individuals b. a trait that is true of a group of people, but untrue of people in other groups c. a trait that is unique to a particular individual d. a trait that is sometimes true of an individual and sometimes not: it fades in and out

3. A central trait is a. inferred from a unitary, simple behavior that is rarely performed b. one of the entries on the relatively large list of traits we use to summarize an individual's personality c. pervasive and outstanding in the life of a person d. a disposition that is less conspicuous, less generalized, less consistent and less often called into play; it is more peripheral

4. The "proprium" a. is the self as it is generally defined b. is a primitive state of selfness that lasts only a short time c. is the most mature state of selfness, attained by few people but sought by many d. is me as felt and known, the self as "object" of knowledge and feeling

5. Self-identity is a. how one identifies oneself b. the continuity of self over past, present, and future c. one's self as seen by others in one's life d. one's self as defined by the groups to which one belongs

6. Frustration tolerance is a. tolerating others' frustrations b. developing an ability to put up with others' inconsiderateness c. not pitching a tantrum, blaming others, and not wallowing in self-pity, when things go wrong d. being able to accept the fact that important people in one's life will inevitably disappoint one's self

7. Why is "having a good sense of humor" so important to how well one is received by others? a. it communicates a match between others' view of oneself and one's own self-view b. it loosens up the social atmosphere: everyone appreciates the comfort that a humorous person provides c. it shows others how clever one is d. it automatically cleanses the air of any hostility that may exist

8. How did Allport regard attempts to show "racial differences"? a. he applauded them: we need to accept the fact of racial differences b. he wanted to end the dialogue about racial difference because it is just dividing us further c. he felt that the issue of racial differences is unresolved: science has yet to tell us whether there are races of humans d. he felt that most human characteristics ascribed to race are actually ethnic, not racial

9. According to Allport, a stereotype is a. a myth contrived by racists to justify their point of view b. an exaggerated belief that members of a group possess a certain trait c. a conception of a people that suits the needs of members of other, rival groups d. a conception of a group's members that is absolutely untrue in any sense of the word "true"

10. According to Allport, all except one of the following are true about prejudiced people. Which is NOT true of prejudiced people? a. they tend to very overtly and openly find fault with their parents b. they tend to be moralistic c. they tend to have low tolerance for ambiguity d. they tend to be highly patriotic, nationalistic and authoritarian

11. Rychman and Thornton (1999) found that hypercompetitive people are ___ on the ___ scale (fill in the blanks from one of the alternatives below; I is Intrincally religiously motivated; E is extrinsically religiously motivated). a. low  E b. moderate  E c. high  I d. low  I

12. Which of the following is a subtle index or measure of prejudice? a. moderate reaction times b. voice tone c. content of what is said to a person of another race d. lengthy eye contact with a person of a different race

13. Sears and Henry (2003) showed that racism also involves a. sexism b. extreme left wing orientation c. high individualism d. self-hatred

14. Nail et al (2003) showed which group of Whites displayed elevated physiological reactivity when touching a Black person? a. unprejudiced; b. highly prejudiced; c. conservatives d. liberals

15. Which of the following was NOT one of the findings of the Black or White man holding a gun or a harmless object studies? a. research participants "shot" more quickly at a Black man with a gun than a white man with a gun b. only White participants showed bias against a Black man with a gun c. participants were more likely to "shoot" at a Black man with a gun d. the "don't shoot" button was more likely to be used for a White man with a gun than a Black man with a gun

Web Sites: For Fun and More Information

Good coverage of Allport can be found by going to the "Personality and Consciousness" link (see this section for Chapter 1 of this Guide).Also see http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html

Multiple Choice Answers

1d; 2c; 3b; 4d; 5b; 6c; 7a; 8d; 9b; 10a; 11d; 12b; 13c; 14d; 15b

  Multiple Choice Questions

1.  Which of the following is NOT an Underlying Assumptions? a. Free will? b. Holism versus fragmentation c. situations d. developmental stages

2. What is the status of "correlation is not causation"? a. it is clearly unresolved b. it is probably a consensus that correlation does not imply causation c. it is now clear that correlation does imply causation d. there is no current opinion or research on the issue

3. Where have the experiments gone? (in the study of personality) a. experimental work is now more frequent than correlational work b. the text recommends that more work involve experiments in the future c. it is now known that only correlational work sheds light on personality d. correlational research is too flawed to be used at all

4. Are humans "good" or "bad"? a. it is philosophically impossible to decide b. good c. bad d. somewhere between good and bad

5.  Which area will be more prominent in future personality research than it it is now? a. correlational b. Big 3 c. case histories d. neuroscience

6. Which of the following is most true about personality a. it is inborn b. it is caused by the environment c. it is complex d. it is thoroughly understood at this point in time

7. On which of the following do personologists most agree? a. personality is uniqueness b. correlational research will be abandoned in future personality research c. personality is simple compared to most aspects of human psychology d. our understanding of personality will be more confused in the 21st century

8. Which approach will be more the focus of personality research in the future? a. the unconscious b. negative traits c. consciousness d. environmental causation of personality

9. Which of the following does the text argue should be the conceptualization most emphasized in future personality research and theory? a. temperament b. constructs c. traits d. situations

10. Which methodology does the text argue should be most de-emphasized in the future? a. correlation b. experimentation c. neuroscience d. case histories

Multiple Choice Answers

1. 1c; 2b; 3b; 4a; 5d; 6c; 7a; 8c; 9a; 10d

The Case of Estella Monroe: A Personality Viewed From Multiple Perspectives

At 35, Estella Monroe is a raven-haired beauty with a troubled past. Outwardly she is the bright and bubbly single mother of five year old Sammy. The struggle within her is submerged in the fathomless depth of her dark eyes. Though her marriage failed her career is booming. The manager of a thriving law office, she looks forward to a salary that approaches six figures, despite the handicap of having only an undergraduate degree from a little known college in Arizona. Starting as a rank and file secretary, her obvious intelligence and organizational skills allowed her to rise to the lofty position of manager in only a few years.

Balancing an expanding career and motherhood has been difficult. Since the end of her ill-fated marriage, Estella has grown increasingly close to her young son. Sammy cries when she leaves him at pre-school and demands to sleep with her at night. She grants his every wish, a propensity that carries over into her social life. Friends can always count on Estella. Still her current boyfriend Rudi feels neglected. He is not allowed to stay over because of Sammy and is frequently put off on the weekend since Estella brings home office work. Estella's parents disapproved of her marriage. Her husband Bob was "not one of us." But the failure of the marriage had little to do with his ethnicity. Bob was arrogant and dominating. He opposed Estella's pursuit of a college degree. Yet he could not control her. Her need to excel was evident early in her life. She thought it was the only thing her mother admired about her.

Married at eighteen and declared unable to bear children, Estella insisted on working outside the home, a source of perpetual conflict with her husband. Having only a high school education at the time, the "glass ceiling" was very low for Estella, but she always reached it quickly. Frustrated at having to change jobs when she reached the limit of advancement, Estella was determined to enter college. Taking mostly night classes so she could work, she graduated with honors in five years. At this point she was 27 and worried that Bob might accept a promotion. If he did, they would have to move to Chicago. Estella did not want to leave her friends and parents. For the first time she thought of divorce. When she expressed her feelings to her parents, they were appalled. Although they never accepted Bob, divorce was a sin. She relented and made the move when Bob was promoted.

Two years later she was working in the law office, advancing nicely, and rather content for the first time in years. Then she got what she had always wanted, just when she had decided she no longer wanted it. Estella became pregnant. Her physician guessed that Bob had low a sperm count, but, by chance, conception had happened anyway, against the odds. Estella even thought of abortion, though her parents would have disowned her. It was the thoughtfulness of her bosses that made up her mind. She could have leave with partial pay and return to work in six months with no damage to her seniority. As soon as she saw Sammy, Estella knew her life had changed. He would always be at the center of her universe. Sammy was not, however, a boon to her marriage. Bob was concerned about his career and usually found a job-related reason for failure to participate in child rearing. Estella had tolerated a lot from him over the years, but this was too much. With good legal advice readily available, she soon had a favorable divorce settlement. The alimony and her attractive salary were more than enough to allow her to continue working and provide good day-care for Sammy.

Estella was determined that things would be different for Sammy. Her mother had been rather cold, showing little affection. It almost seemed that her mother had held her at arms length. If Estella attempted to cuddle up, she was pushed away. Her mother's reluctance was written on her face. Estella rarely saw smiles meant for her. Instead her mother's physiognomy was regularly twisted into a grimace whenever Estella attempted to communicate some need. Despite estrangement from her mother, Estella cannot rid herself of all the "musts" and "shoulds" her mother had drummed into her head. She still feels compelled to attend church at least three times a week. If left to her own devices, she would still attend church, but not so regularly. Her mother's admonition "family first" also continues to ring in her ears. When she brings home office work she feels guilty. Satisfying the feelings of obligation left over from her childhood is a major source of stress in her life.

Estella is determined that Sammy not be subjected to the treatment that she received from her mother. She constantly communicates affection to Sammy, but clearly separates her reactions to his behavior from her feeling about him as a person. If he misbehaves, she ignores what he has done, even if he continues the bad behavior and it lapses into a tantrum. Sammy has gotten the message: it is he she cares about, not what he does. He has also abandoned much of his undesirable behavior. The treatment that Sammy receives has made him very dependent. He is jealous of any attention Estella pays any one else. That is not a great problem with boyfriend Rudi. He genuinely likes Sammy and has been able to gain the child's confidence. He often reads to Sammy and plays video games with him. The only times they have had problems was when Rudi was receiving Estella's attention and Sammy wanted it. Estella is usually able to manage those situations without difficulty. She is patient with both of "her boys" except when she feels that Rudi is intruding too much into her relationship with Sammy. Rudi does not think it proper that she sleeps with Sammy. Estella told him that it had been a tradition in her family for the children to sleep with their parents until they were approaching pubescence. Nevertheless, Rudi does not understand. "Sammy will never grow up," he exclaimed in an exasperated tone, "You'll keep him a baby forever." She told him to "butt out" and that was the end of that. Later when she casually remarked that she frequently bathes with Sammy, Rudi could not muster the nerve to even make a comment.

Despite these problems, Sammy was developing normally. He is intelligent and cooperates with the caretakers and children in his class. However, Sammy is peculiar in some ways. For example, he is terribly frightened of insects. Apparently he acquired this irrational fear from Estella. Since childhood, upon encountering any kind of insect, Estella would shriek and frantically clamber to the highest point in the room. A few observations of this frenzied behavior was sufficient to make Sammy eternally frightened of insects. Fear of insects is not the only irrational feelings that Sammy has adopted from his mother. As a child and continuing into adulthood, Estella has harbored an extraordinary fear of death. The problem dates to an incident that occurred when she was only eight years old. Her grandmother, to whom she was strongly attached, died suddenly and little Estella was confronted with much weeping and wailing. To make matters worse, at the funeral she was required to "kiss Grandmother good-bye." Hoisted into the coffin, Estella's was pushed toward her grandmother's face and her lips smeared across the dead woman's cheek. She has been unable to get the taste of the chalky make-up out of her memory. Whenever something she is eating reminds her of that taste, the whole scene comes back to her.

Nightmares and incessant questions about death ensured that her fear grew stronger with time. As an adult, Estella constantly talks about death and reads books on the subject. Of the vast repertoire of topics about which she is knowledgeable, it is the only one that causes her friends to scurry for cover. When a favorite aunt died shortly after Sammy's fourth birthday, Estella went on a crying binge and made many unfortunate comments in front of Sammy. Already distressed by his mother's tears, Sammy had no resources to deal with remarks such as "she's gone forever .. we'll never see her again." Even more upsetting was Estella's references to her own demise. Constantly she cried that she was bound to die soon herself. She would hug Sammy and say, "Will you miss me?" Soon Sammy was having his own nightmares.

Among Estella's other eccentricities is a penchant for superstitious behavior. If she spills some salt, she must throw some over her shoulder. Once when she broke a mirror, her friends laughed uproariously at her feverish antics designed to ward off seven years of bad luck. In fact, they often tease her about her superstitions. Her typical reaction to this good natured ribbing is one of the reasons they are so fond of her. Estella can not only tolerate other people laughing at her foibles, she frequently laughs at herself. Once while giving a talk she committed a Spoonerism or word reversal. When the audience laughed, she continued with several intentional faux pas, including, "The best way to handle long lines waiting to use the max fachine is a sheet-up sign" for "The best way to handle long lines waiting to use the fax machine is a sign-up sheet."

Estella is also a collector. She rarely throws anything away. While storing something, she is frequently heard to say "You'll never know when you might need this stuff." Laying aside something for the future is not confined to trivial objects. She invests and saves her money rather than satisfy an immediate impulse. Occasionally she drains off some of the interest and dividends from her financial interests to buy something special. Living frugally is not difficult because she has an absolute genius for finding items on sale. As a result of these farsighted measures she and Sammy dress well, live in a fashionable apartment and drive a late-model automobile, but there is still plenty left over for a "rainy day."

Aside from her career and "her boys," friends are also a central part of Estella's life. At work she is closest to Peter, a happily married young lawyer who was hired about the same time as she was, and Maria a matronly secretary who had taken Estella "under her wing." Peter confided in Estella about his marital problems, which tend to be rather minor, and about his aspirations for his family. To her he is the kind of confident that her husband never was, nor her father, for that matter. She views Peter as the big brother she never had, even though he is actually a year younger than she. Maria, by contrast is more the mother she felt she never had. Estella feels free to interrupt Maria's work with a request for advice about a personal problem whenever one arises. This is despite the fact that Estella is Maria's boss. Estella can also call Maria at home at any hour of the day or night if she's having difficulties with Sammy or has had a spat with Rudi. Other friends include the elderly priest at the church she attends and the woman who owns the shop where Estella buys most of her clothes. The priest will drop by unannounced periodically, usually about dinner time. He is always welcome. She feels that she benefits from his wisdom. The shop owner is a frequent lunch companion.

The last quadrant in Estella's sphere is her obsession with becoming a singer. As a pre-teen she sang in the church choir and was often complimented on her voice. She has not, however, gotten up the courage to sing solo, even as an adult. Irrationally, she says "I'm good, but other people won't think so." No one has been able to coax her into singing even in front of an audience of one. The closest she has come to a public performance is allowing Rudi to listen to a tape she had recorded in private. Even in this exceptional case, she refused to stay in the room while he listened. Rudi's lavish and sincere praise for her haunting rendition of "Wildfire" was received with much blushing and many "you-don't-really-mean-its." Still Rudi could not persuade her to sing live.

Estella's major concern these days is "growing old." Now, it is even more true than ten years earlier that when she enters a room eyes flit in her direction like humming birds irresistibly drawn to flowers. "Stunning," "elegant," and "magnificent," not to mention "beautiful," are among the glowing terms recently used by strangers upon first encountering her. Still she worries about wrinkles and sags. Constantly she laments becoming 40 "in only five years." She does not believe she can survive it. Friends laugh at her complaints, pointing out that she is becoming ever more breath-taking with each passing year. But all this praise is the problem. Unconsciously she has grown to crave these remarks about her appearance. Deep down she believes that people will not care for her any more when her looks fade. She fails to understand that her many other fine qualities are the reasons why others continue to support and love her.

Basically Estella feels that she is at the cross-roads of her life. She likes the way her career as law-office manager is going, but she sees her dream of being a singer slipping away. Although she likes managerial work, she wonders, "is that the real me?" Continuation in the law office could use up the few years she feels she has left to launch a singing career. Also her relation with Rudi is in limbo. She worries that he is only infatuated with her appearance. If she waits too long, her looks may fade and he may abandon her. On the other hand, does she want another marriage? The bitter taste of her union with Bob still lingers. If she marries Rudi, he may want children, but does she? If she does, she should marry soon; her child bearing years are numbered. These unresolved issues dominate her thinking.

From : http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfbpa/personalityguide.html